Adhesion to Fluoropolymers

Fluorinated polymers have a number of very useful properties such as excellent chemical resistance. However, they are usually difficult to bond without a pretreatment. There are exceptions and untreated poly(vinylidene fluoride), for example, may be successfully bonded with an amine-cured epoxide. The most effective methods to pretreat fully fluorinated polymers were developed in the 1950s. Much work, especially on electrochemical and plasma treatments, has since been carried out but to date these have not proved as effective as the early methods. Partially fluorinated polymers may be treated like polyolefins, for example, flame, and plasma treatments are very effective. Aqueous and alcoholic solutions of Group I hydroxides are also very effective. Fluoropolymers can provide a combination of properties including high temperature resistance, excellent resistance to many chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, fire resistance and low friction. Fluoropolymers are relatively expensive and they are generally used in specialised applications such as linings for chemical plant, spacecraft coatings that are resistant to atomic oxygen, fire-resistant coatings for cables, and of course, non-stick functions. There are more than twenty different fluoropolymers that are commercially available. Good adhesion is required in a number of technologies involving fluoropolymers including adhesive bonding, painting, printing, metallisation (via vacuum or solution) and composite production. However, fully fluorinated polymers such as PTFE and FEP are notoriously difficult to adhere to, while partially fluorinated polymers such as PVDF and PVF may cause problems depending on the circumstances. To achieve a satisfactory level of adhesion, it is often necessary to carry out a pretreatment with both fully and partially fluorinated polymers. In this review the principles of adhesion are considered first (Section 2). Techniques that have greatly increased our understanding of adhesion to fluoropolymers are described in Section 3. Cases where good adhesion is achieved without a pretreatment are examined in Section 4. However, as pretreatments are usually needed to get the required level of adhesion, this review is mainly concerned with the wide variety of methods available to pretreat fluoropolymers (Section 5). A general discussion and conclusions follow. This Rapra Review Report comprises a concise, expert review, supported by an extensive bibliography compiled from the Rapra Abstracts database on the topic of adhesion to fluoropolymers. This bibliography provides additional information on this topical field. This review will be of interest both to those who already use fluoropolymers and those who are considering using them. About the Authors Dr Derek Brewis first became interested in adhesion when he joined the Petrochemical and Polymer Laboratory of ICI in 1964. From 1967 he pursued an academic career but retained an interest in adhesion collaborating with various organisations including ICI, BP and the British Ministry of Defence. He is currently interested in the pre-treatments of plastics, elastomers and metals and has over 100 publications in these areas. Dr Ralf Dahm developed a life-long interest in electrochemistry after working on the early development of fuel cells for the Apollo project during the early 1960s. He entered academia in 1971 but maintained close links with industry. He is interested in the electrochemical generation of powerful oxidising and reducing agents and in the application of electrochemical techniques to the surface pre-treatment of polymers and metals and has collaborated with Dr Brewis for more than three decades. Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Principles
  • 2.1 Theories of Adhesion
  • 2.2 Wettability
  • 2.3 Diffusion
• 3 Methods Used to Study Surfaces
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
• 4 Adhesion Without Pretreatment
• 5 Pretreatments
  • 5.1 Summary
  • 5.2 Wet Chemical Treatments
    • 5.2.1 Treatments with Solvated Electrons and Radical Anion Salts
    • 5.2.2 Treatment with Strong Aqueous Bases
    • 5.2.3 Other Reductive Pretreatments
  • 5.3 Electrochemical and Related Methods
    • 5.3.1 The Indirect Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE
    • 5.3.2 Treatment of PTFE with Metal Amalgams
    • 5.3.3 The Direct Electrochemical Pretreatment of PTFE
  • 5.4 Plasma Treatments
    • 5.4.1 Principles and Equipment
    • 5.4.2 Studies of Plasma Treatments
    • 5.4.3 Flame Treatment
  • 5.5 Photochemical Pretreatments
  • 5.6 Miscellaneous Pretreatments
• General Discussion
• Conclusions
• References
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
• Subject Index
• Company Index

The current price for this Rapra Technology Ltd. book may differ from the listed price. Please ask for an up-to-date non-binding offer under  Rapra Review Report - Vol. 16, No. 3, Report 183, 2006